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1. Transmission of letters
ALPHA - BRAVO - CHARLIE - DELTA - ECHO - FOXTROT - GOLF - HOTEL - INDIA - JULIET - KILO - LIMA - MIKE - NOVEMBER - OSCAR - PAPA - QUEBEC - ROMEO - SIERRA - TANGO - UNIFORM - VICTOR - WHISKEY - X-RAY - YANKEE - ZULU
2. Transmission of numbers
ZERO - ONE - TWO - THREE - FOWER - FIVE - SIX - SEVEN - EIGHT - NINER
ONE HUNDRED - ONE THOUSAND - ...
example;
1 300 = ONE THOUSAND THREE HUNDRED
13 800 = ONE THREE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED
Exceptions;
Reading in terms of the 12-hour clock ("TEN O'CLOCK")
Instruction for a 360° turn ("MAKE A LEFT THREE SIXTY")
Characters/digits repeated in call signs can be replaced with 'double' or 'triple' (Boeing 777 = "BOEING TRIPLE SEVEN")
Frequencies;
Are transmitted with 3 digits behind the decimal, if not whole hundreds
123.450 = ONE TWO THREE DECIMAL FOUR FIVE ZERO
118.300 = ONE ONE EIGHT DECIMAL THREE
120.375 (With VHF channel separation of 25kHz) = ONE TWO ZERO DECIMAL THREE SEVEN
Visibility;
Less then 5km = Given in metres
From 5km up to 10km = Given in kilometres
Above 10km = "9999" , "CAVOK" , "VIS 10km OR MORE"
3. Procedures
Communication aviation is executed as voice communication. It is done between ground stations and air stations or between two air stations.
Voice communication is usually in English. However, exceptions exist;
- VFR flights, taxiing traffic on special frequencies may speak in language of the radio operator's certificate
- If the receiver does not speak English
- Emergencies
To ensure that clearances and request are uniform, clear and short;
- Speak clearly with a uniform rate of speech
- Use Abbreviations
4. Establishing radio contact
1) Call sign of the station being called
2) Call sign of the station calling
If it's unclear to which station a call has been directed to, the pilot should wait until the calling station transmits again.
If it's not possible to establish radio contact;
- Try on the previous frequency
- Try on other published frequencies along the route
- Try on emergency frequency (121.5 MHz)
- Lost communication procedure
ALPHA - BRAVO - CHARLIE - DELTA - ECHO - FOXTROT - GOLF - HOTEL - INDIA - JULIET - KILO - LIMA - MIKE - NOVEMBER - OSCAR - PAPA - QUEBEC - ROMEO - SIERRA - TANGO - UNIFORM - VICTOR - WHISKEY - X-RAY - YANKEE - ZULU
2. Transmission of numbers
ZERO - ONE - TWO - THREE - FOWER - FIVE - SIX - SEVEN - EIGHT - NINER
ONE HUNDRED - ONE THOUSAND - ...
example;
1 300 = ONE THOUSAND THREE HUNDRED
13 800 = ONE THREE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED
Exceptions;
Reading in terms of the 12-hour clock ("TEN O'CLOCK")
Instruction for a 360° turn ("MAKE A LEFT THREE SIXTY")
Characters/digits repeated in call signs can be replaced with 'double' or 'triple' (Boeing 777 = "BOEING TRIPLE SEVEN")
Frequencies;
Are transmitted with 3 digits behind the decimal, if not whole hundreds
123.450 = ONE TWO THREE DECIMAL FOUR FIVE ZERO
118.300 = ONE ONE EIGHT DECIMAL THREE
120.375 (With VHF channel separation of 25kHz) = ONE TWO ZERO DECIMAL THREE SEVEN
Visibility;
Less then 5km = Given in metres
From 5km up to 10km = Given in kilometres
Above 10km = "9999" , "CAVOK" , "VIS 10km OR MORE"
3. Procedures
Communication aviation is executed as voice communication. It is done between ground stations and air stations or between two air stations.
Voice communication is usually in English. However, exceptions exist;
- VFR flights, taxiing traffic on special frequencies may speak in language of the radio operator's certificate
- If the receiver does not speak English
- Emergencies
To ensure that clearances and request are uniform, clear and short;
- Speak clearly with a uniform rate of speech
- Use Abbreviations
4. Establishing radio contact
1) Call sign of the station being called
2) Call sign of the station calling
If it's unclear to which station a call has been directed to, the pilot should wait until the calling station transmits again.
If it's not possible to establish radio contact;
- Try on the previous frequency
- Try on other published frequencies along the route
- Try on emergency frequency (121.5 MHz)
- Lost communication procedure
