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Flight Crew Licensing
The Chicago convention called for a regulation of flight crew licensing, this was done by creating ICAO Annex 1. However, neither United States or Europe adopted the Annex 1 as a standard but they each had specific rules to which JAR-FCL 1 is the European standard and is the regulation that we are concerned with in this course.
The licensing of flight crew in Europe is made in accordance with the requirements of FCL parts 1, 2, 3 and 4.
- FCL 1 covers licensing of pilots of aeroplanes
- FCL 2 covers licensing of pilots of helicopters
- FCL 3 covers medical requirements
- FCL 4 covers licensing of flight engineers
Validity of license
- A JAA license (and associated ratings, etc...) issued in accordance with JAR- FCL is to be accepted without further formality in any other JAA member state
- A contracting state may validate a license issued by another authority, with the provision that the period of validity does not extend beyond the original period
- A non JAA license that includes an instrument rating (IR) may be validated for use in a JAA state for a period not exceeding 1 year and providing that the basic license remains valid in the state of license issue
- The JAA considers 185 days per year to be required in a JAA country in order to claim residency
Periods of validity
- Multi engines class ratings and type ratings are valid for 1 year
- Single pilot single engine class ratings (including touring motor glider) are valid for 2 years (1 year for a pilot > 50)
- Instrument rating aeroplane is valid for 1 year
- A type rating is valid for 1 year
- Instructor and examiner ratings are valid for 3 years
- The maximum validity period for a license is 5 years
Medical
Is valid from the date that the medical assessment was issued
- Class 1 – 12 months until an age of 40, and 6 months thereafter
- Class 2 – 60 months until age of 40, 24 months until age of 50 and 12 months thereafter
At age 60, a holder of a pilot license is only permitted to act as PIC in commercial air transport aircraft when he is part of a multi-pilot crew and is the only one that has reached the age of 60. 65 years is the limit to act as pilot in commercial air transport.
Licenses and Ratings
A person is not permitted to act as PIC or co-pilot in the following aircraft categories unless he/she holds the appropriate license.
![Flight Crew Licensing [Annex 1] Screen43](https://i.servimg.com/u/f97/19/52/94/99/screen43.png)
Class ratings are to be established for aeroplanes certificated for single pilot operation and comprise of;
- Single-engine, land
- Single-engine, sea
- Multi-engine, land
- Multi-engine, sea
Where required, a type rating will be issued after satisfactory completion of a type rating course for the appropriate type of aeroplane and demonstration of the necessary pilot skill in that type.
Type ratings are required for;
- Each type of multi-pilot aircraft
- Each type of single pilot multi-engine aircraft (turbojet or turboprop engines)
- Each type of single pilot single-engine aircraft (turbojet engines)
Regardless of the license held, an applicant for a multi-pilot type rating must have;
- Not less than 100h as PIC on aeroplanes
- A valid multi-engine IR(A)
- A certificate of MCC
- Completion of theoretical knowledge course and ATPL(A) examinations
Credit of flight time
- A student pilot (or holder of a license) is entitled to be credited in full with all solo, dual instruction and PIC flight time towards the total flight time required for the initial issue of a pilot license or higher-grade pilot license
- When acting as a co-pilot of an aeroplane in which a co-pilot is required, the pilot is entitled to count not more than 50% of the co-pilot time towards the total flight time required for a higher-grade license
- A pilot who is acting as co-pilot and performing duties of a PIC under the supervision of a PIC, can count the full hours towards the total flight time required for a higher-grade license
License Requirements
![Flight Crew Licensing [Annex 1] Screen44](https://i.servimg.com/u/f97/19/52/94/99/screen44.png)
License Privileges
Private Pilot License (PPL)
- Act as a PIC in any aeroplane in non-commercial flights
- Cannot fly at night without an additional night rating
Commercial Pilot License (CPL)
- All the privileges of a PPL plus;
- Act as a PIC in commercial air transport (only aeroplanes for single pilot operation)
- Act as a co-pilot in commercial air transport (multi-pilot aeroplanes)
- Some requirements must be met before applying for a multi-pilot rating
Air Transport Pilot License (ATPL)
- All the privileges of a PPL, CPL and IR, plus;
- Act as PIC and co-pilot of any aeroplane engaged in commercial air transport
Instrument rating aeroplanes IR(A)
The applicant should hold a PPL(A) with a night qualification, or a CPL(A) and have completed 50 hours of x-country flight time as PIC which can be on both aeroplanes or helicopters but not less than 10 hours should be on aeroplanes
Instructor rating
There are 5 recognized categories of instructor ratings;
- Flight instructor – aeroplane FI(A)
- Type rating instructor – aeroplane TRI(A)
- Class rating instructor – aeroplane CRI(A)
- Instrument rating instructor – aeroplane IRI(A)
- Synthetic flight instructor – aeroplane SFI(A)
Conditions that apply to flight instructor aeroplanes;
- Minimum age of 18
- Must be supervised until 100h of instruction and supervised 25 students solo
Before beginning the course for a FI(A) rating, the applicant should have;
- CPL(A) or PPL(A) but then with 200h (150h as PIC)
- Completed 30h in single engine piston aeroplane (at least 5h in last 6 months)
- Received at least 10h of instruction
- Completed at least 20h of x-country as PIC
- Passed a pre-entry flight test
JAR-FCL 3 Medical Requirements
In the following circumstances, a pilot should seek advice of the authority or AME (authorized medical examiner);
- Hospital or clinic admission for more than 12h
- Surgical operation or invasive procedure
- Regular use of medication
- Need for regular use of correcting lenses
Every license holder who is aware of the following should inform the authority by writing as soon as 21 days have elapsed (in case of illness);
- Any significant personal injury (incapacity to function as flight crew)
- Illness throughout a period of 21 days or more
- Pregnant
If an applicant is operating in an area distant from designated medical examination facilities, the re-examination can be postponed by 6 months in the case of a flight crew member of an aircraft engaged in non-commercial operations.
The Chicago convention called for a regulation of flight crew licensing, this was done by creating ICAO Annex 1. However, neither United States or Europe adopted the Annex 1 as a standard but they each had specific rules to which JAR-FCL 1 is the European standard and is the regulation that we are concerned with in this course.
The licensing of flight crew in Europe is made in accordance with the requirements of FCL parts 1, 2, 3 and 4.
- FCL 1 covers licensing of pilots of aeroplanes
- FCL 2 covers licensing of pilots of helicopters
- FCL 3 covers medical requirements
- FCL 4 covers licensing of flight engineers
Validity of license
- A JAA license (and associated ratings, etc...) issued in accordance with JAR- FCL is to be accepted without further formality in any other JAA member state
- A contracting state may validate a license issued by another authority, with the provision that the period of validity does not extend beyond the original period
- A non JAA license that includes an instrument rating (IR) may be validated for use in a JAA state for a period not exceeding 1 year and providing that the basic license remains valid in the state of license issue
- The JAA considers 185 days per year to be required in a JAA country in order to claim residency
Periods of validity
- Multi engines class ratings and type ratings are valid for 1 year
- Single pilot single engine class ratings (including touring motor glider) are valid for 2 years (1 year for a pilot > 50)
- Instrument rating aeroplane is valid for 1 year
- A type rating is valid for 1 year
- Instructor and examiner ratings are valid for 3 years
- The maximum validity period for a license is 5 years
Medical
Is valid from the date that the medical assessment was issued
- Class 1 – 12 months until an age of 40, and 6 months thereafter
- Class 2 – 60 months until age of 40, 24 months until age of 50 and 12 months thereafter
At age 60, a holder of a pilot license is only permitted to act as PIC in commercial air transport aircraft when he is part of a multi-pilot crew and is the only one that has reached the age of 60. 65 years is the limit to act as pilot in commercial air transport.
Licenses and Ratings
A person is not permitted to act as PIC or co-pilot in the following aircraft categories unless he/she holds the appropriate license.
Class ratings are to be established for aeroplanes certificated for single pilot operation and comprise of;
- Single-engine, land
- Single-engine, sea
- Multi-engine, land
- Multi-engine, sea
Where required, a type rating will be issued after satisfactory completion of a type rating course for the appropriate type of aeroplane and demonstration of the necessary pilot skill in that type.
Type ratings are required for;
- Each type of multi-pilot aircraft
- Each type of single pilot multi-engine aircraft (turbojet or turboprop engines)
- Each type of single pilot single-engine aircraft (turbojet engines)
Regardless of the license held, an applicant for a multi-pilot type rating must have;
- Not less than 100h as PIC on aeroplanes
- A valid multi-engine IR(A)
- A certificate of MCC
- Completion of theoretical knowledge course and ATPL(A) examinations
Credit of flight time
- A student pilot (or holder of a license) is entitled to be credited in full with all solo, dual instruction and PIC flight time towards the total flight time required for the initial issue of a pilot license or higher-grade pilot license
- When acting as a co-pilot of an aeroplane in which a co-pilot is required, the pilot is entitled to count not more than 50% of the co-pilot time towards the total flight time required for a higher-grade license
- A pilot who is acting as co-pilot and performing duties of a PIC under the supervision of a PIC, can count the full hours towards the total flight time required for a higher-grade license
License Requirements
License Privileges
Private Pilot License (PPL)
- Act as a PIC in any aeroplane in non-commercial flights
- Cannot fly at night without an additional night rating
Commercial Pilot License (CPL)
- All the privileges of a PPL plus;
- Act as a PIC in commercial air transport (only aeroplanes for single pilot operation)
- Act as a co-pilot in commercial air transport (multi-pilot aeroplanes)
- Some requirements must be met before applying for a multi-pilot rating
Air Transport Pilot License (ATPL)
- All the privileges of a PPL, CPL and IR, plus;
- Act as PIC and co-pilot of any aeroplane engaged in commercial air transport
Instrument rating aeroplanes IR(A)
The applicant should hold a PPL(A) with a night qualification, or a CPL(A) and have completed 50 hours of x-country flight time as PIC which can be on both aeroplanes or helicopters but not less than 10 hours should be on aeroplanes
Instructor rating
There are 5 recognized categories of instructor ratings;
- Flight instructor – aeroplane FI(A)
- Type rating instructor – aeroplane TRI(A)
- Class rating instructor – aeroplane CRI(A)
- Instrument rating instructor – aeroplane IRI(A)
- Synthetic flight instructor – aeroplane SFI(A)
Conditions that apply to flight instructor aeroplanes;
- Minimum age of 18
- Must be supervised until 100h of instruction and supervised 25 students solo
Before beginning the course for a FI(A) rating, the applicant should have;
- CPL(A) or PPL(A) but then with 200h (150h as PIC)
- Completed 30h in single engine piston aeroplane (at least 5h in last 6 months)
- Received at least 10h of instruction
- Completed at least 20h of x-country as PIC
- Passed a pre-entry flight test
JAR-FCL 3 Medical Requirements
In the following circumstances, a pilot should seek advice of the authority or AME (authorized medical examiner);
- Hospital or clinic admission for more than 12h
- Surgical operation or invasive procedure
- Regular use of medication
- Need for regular use of correcting lenses
Every license holder who is aware of the following should inform the authority by writing as soon as 21 days have elapsed (in case of illness);
- Any significant personal injury (incapacity to function as flight crew)
- Illness throughout a period of 21 days or more
- Pregnant
If an applicant is operating in an area distant from designated medical examination facilities, the re-examination can be postponed by 6 months in the case of a flight crew member of an aircraft engaged in non-commercial operations.
